ABSTRACT
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. “Tumor budding,” defined by the presence of five or less tumor cell cluster in the invasive front of tumor, is a strong, reproducible, and independent prognostic marker of the biological aggressiveness of the tumor. Aim and Objective: The present study was conducted to assess the correlation of clinicopathological parameter with tumor budding in CRC. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients presenting with colectomy specimens with known histological diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma were included in the study. Histological examination with hematoxylene and eosin stain and immunohistochemistry with pancytokeratin (Pan-CK) was performed in equivocal cases. Tumor budding was counted and scored as per international tumor budding consensus conference, 2016, recommended criteria. Tumor budding was correlated with other relevant clinicopathological parameters. Results: The age distribution ranged from 19 to 78 years with a peak incidence in the age group of 41–50 years (31.7%). Low-grade tumor budding was seen in 20%, intermediate grade budding in 16.7%, and high-grade tumor budding in 63.3%. No correlation could be established between age, sex, site, size of tumor, lymphovascular invasion, histological grade, and budding intensity. However, association between tumor budding and nodal involvement, perineural invasion and higher American Joint Committee on Cancer stage has been found to be statistically significant in this study. Conclusions: Tumor budding is emerging to be a promising and powerful predictor of nodal metastasis and a higher stage of the tumor. Immunohistochemistry with Pan-CK can aid in the grading of tumor budding and buid consensus.
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this hospital based cross-sectional study were to evaluate the socio-demographic profile, manner of death and histopathological changes in the lungs, liver and kidneys of individuals who died of pesticide poisoning. All fatal cases of pesticide poisoning from February 2011 to January 2012 were evaluated. Socio-demographic profile, type of exposure and manner of death were recorded for each of the cases. Autopsy was performed with detailed internal and external examinations. Random portion of Lung, Liver and Kidney were collected and fixed in 10.0% Formalin. Hematoxylin and Eosin stained sections were examined and findings recorded. The total number of deaths due to fatal pesticide poisoning was 9.6%. Highest frequency of poisoning (23.4%) was seen in the age group 20 - 29 years. The peak time of consumption of poisoning was between 6.00am and 12.00noon. The manner of poisoning was suicidal in majority of the cases. Histological findings indicated that congestion was the most common histopathological change; being observed in 60.0%, 66.0% and 74.0% of cases of liver, lung and kidney respectively. Histopathological features are supportive in establishing the diagnosis but further studies with larger sample size may be more illuminative in explaining the histopathological changes occurring due to these chemicals.